Why Lincoln Used 'Four Score and Seven Years Ago' in the Gettysburg Address

The phrase 'four score and seven years ago' has become one of the most iconic and evocative pieces of rhetoric in American history. Delivered by Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the Soldiers National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, this opening line encapsulates a profound narrative that intertwines the past, present, and future of the nation during one of its most tumultuous periods.

The Context of the Address

Context of the Address: The Gettysburg Address was delivered during the American Civil War, a conflict that had been raging since 1861. The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, was one of the bloodiest battles and is often considered a turning point in the conflict. The speech was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to honor the soldiers who had died in that battle.

Themes of Equality and Democracy

Themes of Equality and Democracy: By referencing the founding of the nation, Lincoln sought to remind his audience of the principles of liberty and equality that the United States was built upon. He emphasized that the war was a test of whether a nation conceived in such principles could endure. This is evident in his famous opening line: 'Four score and seven years ago our forefathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.'

Significance and Reaffirmation of Purpose

Significance: The phrase and the address as a whole reflect Lincoln's eloquence and his ability to articulate the deeper meaning of the Civil War, linking it to the nation's founding ideals. The Gettysburg Address has since become one of the most famous speeches in American history, celebrated for its profound message about national unity, sacrifice, and the enduring principles of democracy.

Reaffirmation of Purpose: The Gettysburg Address is widely regarded as an effort to reaffirm the purpose and commitment of the Union to uphold the principles of the Declaration of Independence, ensuring that the nation would not perish. The phrase 'four score and seven years ago' serves as a bridge between the founding of the nation in 1776 and the present time in 1863, effectively reminding listeners that the struggle for democracy is not new but is a matter of enduring importance.

Understanding 'Four Score and Seven Years Ago'

The phrase 'four score and seven years ago' has a specific historical significance. In a period where eloquent language was vital, Lincoln chose this phrasing to reference a span of time in a memorable way. Specifically, a 'score' represents a period of 20 years. Therefore, 'four score and seven years ago' translates to 87 years ago, or 1776. This method of time reference is common in historical documents and orations.

The opening line of the speech reads: 'Four score and seven years ago our forefathers brought forth on this continent a new nation conceived in liberty and...' This means 87 years ago in 1776, the nation was founded, and now 87 years later, the nation is dedicated to that proposition. The phrase emphasizes the continuity and legacy of the nation, linking the present struggle to a time of foundational importance.

Conclusion

Lincoln's use of 'four score and seven years ago' is a powerful rhetorical device that underscores the enduring nature of freedom and democracy. It serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made and the long-standing commitment to the principles that have defined the United States since its inception.

The Gettysburg Address continues to be studied, revered, and quoted as a testament to the power of words in shaping history and the American identity. Its impact is a testament to the enduring importance of reflection, dedication, and the pursuit of freedom for all.