Why Did Mark Twain Disapprove of Teddy Roosevelt?

Mark Twain and Theodore Roosevelt, two of the most notable figures in American history, share a complex relationship marked by both admiration and animosity. While Twain was revered for his wit and literary prowess, Roosevelt was celebrated for his transformative policies and zeal for expansion. The turning point in their relationship was palpable in their differing political views and actions during their respective eras.

Context of the Era

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were times of significant social, economic, and political change in the United States. As an author and humorist, Mark Twain observed and critiqued the evolving scene with his keen eye and satirical wit. Theodore Roosevelt, on the other hand, used his position as the 26th President of the United States to champion progressive reforms and aggressive foreign policy.

Changes in American Foreign Policy

One of the major points of contention between Twain and Roosevelt was the shift in American foreign policy. Mark Twain, known for his anti-imperialist stance, was deeply concerned about the country's increased involvement in global affairs during this period. The Spanish-American War, which marked the start of America's expansionist policies, particularly ruffled Twain's feathers.

The Spanish-American War

During the Spanish-American War, the U.S. military engaged in combat against Spain, resulting in the acquisition of territories such as Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. For Twain, this was an immoral and flawed move. He saw imperialism as a counterproductive and corrupting force, one fraught with the dangerous potential for exploitation and injustice.

Mining and Corporations

Twain's opposition to imperialism was not inherently anti-military. Rather, he was troubled by the way big business and mining corporations were often the driving forces behind these ventures. In his writings, Twain often denounced the greed and corruption of these corporations, which, in his view, fueled the expansionist agenda. He believed that the American people would suffer as a result of these decisions and that imperialism would dilute the nation's principles.

Actions and Ideals

While Roosevelt was more willing to use military might to achieve his ends, Twain preferred a more conciliatory and principled approach to world affairs. Twain's advocacy for civil liberties and his support for less aggressive policies contrasted sharply with Roosevelt's domestic and foreign governance style.

Teddy's Assertive Style

Roosevelt's unilateral decision to sail the U.S. battleship Maine into Havana Harbor and proceed to declare war on Spain serves as a quintessential example of his assertive style. This act, though understandable as a part of his campaign to prove his mettle, also highlighted a disregard for diplomatic channels and international norms, which Twain firmly disapproved of.

Impact on American Society

Twain feared that the aggressive actions promoted by leaders like Roosevelt could have long-lasting negative effects on American society. He predicted that such actions might foster a culture of militarism and militarized foreign policy, leading to a nation that saw war and conflict as natural and acceptable solutions to international disputes.

Reflection and Legacy

The disagreement between Twain and Roosevelt encapsulates a broader debate within American society about the direction of the nation. While Roosevelt's actions brought about significant changes and reforms, Twain's concerns highlight a need for balance and ethical considerations in foreign and domestic policies.

Legacy of Mark Twain

Despite their disagreement, Mark Twain remains a towering figure in American literature and thought. His works continue to influence discussions on civil liberties, democracy, and the role of the government in both domestic and international contexts.

Legacy of Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt, too, left an indelible mark on American history. His legacy includes significant conservation efforts, trust-busting, and the transformative impact on the role of the presidency. However, his legacy is also marred by his more aggressive foreign policy, which Twain and others criticized.

Conclusion

The relationship between Mark Twain and Theodore Roosevelt serves as a microcosm of the broader political and ideological divides of their era. While their disagreement on major issues like imperialism and militarism remains a point of contention, it also underscores the importance of diverse perspectives in shaping a nation's future.