Understanding the Usage of 'However' and 'Nevertheless' in Sentence Structure

When it comes to writing or speaking in English, the choice between using 'however' and 'nevertheless' as opening words in a sentence can sometimes be confusing. These words, known as discourse markers, are used to denote contrast, signaling a shift in the direction of thinking or argument. This article aims to clarify when and how to use 'however' and 'nevertheless' effectively, including a discussion on their interchangeability and the current trend in English usage.

Contrast Indicators: 'However' and 'Nevertheless'

Both 'however' and 'nevertheless' are conjunctions that indicate a contrast between two ideas. They are often used to introduce a new argument or line of thinking that contradicts a previously mentioned idea. For example:

Mussolini was undoubtedly a dictator. Nevertheless, he made the trains run on time.

or

Mussolini was undoubtedly a dictator. However, he made the trains run on time.

These sentences demonstrate that both 'nevertheless' and 'however' can be used to present a contrasting viewpoint. The key difference between the two lies in their connotations and formality.

The Evolution in Usage: Norman Mailer vs. Eric Partridge

Norman Mailer, in his book 'The Armies of the Night', used 'nevertheless' at the beginning of sentences, which was not uncommon in his time. However, in the 1940s, Eric Partridge, a noted lexicographer, wrote in 'Usage and Abusage' that 'however' should come after 'the first significant unit' in a sentence or clause. Partridge's view was that starting a sentence with 'however' was not correct:

'However' comes, in np's case, after the first significant unit [in the sentence or clause]. Not He, however, did not think so. 'He did not think so, however.'

Partridge's rule has been challenged over the years, and it seems that the common belief today is that both 'nevertheless' and 'however' can be used as the opening word of a sentence, especially in casual or informal writing. Here are some examples:

He, nevertheless, did not think so.

He, however, did not think so.

In the morning, however, nothing was done.

In the morning, nevertheless, nothing was done.

Many contemporary English speakers and writers would find these sentences acceptable, indicating a shift towards more flexible use of 'however' and 'nevertheless'.

The Formality Gap: 'Nevertheless' vs. 'However'

While both 'nevertheless' and 'however' can denote contrast, there is a noticeable difference in their formality and tone. 'Nevertheless' is generally considered more formal and is often used in academic, professional, or literary contexts. On the other hand, 'however' is more common in everyday speech and informal writing. For instance:

Narrative: Nevertheless, the meeting was a success. (more formal)

Dialogue: However, the meeting was a success. (more casual)

The choice between the two often depends on the context and the level of formality required. In formal writing, 'nevertheless' is often preferred, while in less formal settings, 'however' is more commonly used.

Technically Speaking: Starting with a Conjunction

Technically, the first word of a sentence should not be a conjunction, which includes 'however' and 'nevertheless.' This is based on traditional grammar rules. However, the established rules often adapt to practical usage, leading to the current trend where these conjunctions are commonly found at the beginning of sentences, especially in spoken language and informal writing.

For instance:

Technically Incorrect: Nevertheless, the meeting was a success. (avoid in formal writing unless in dialogue)

Acceptable in Informal Writing: Nevertheless, the meeting was a success.

It's important to remember that while these conjunctions can be used at the beginning of sentences, one should be mindful of the intended tone and formality of the piece. Misuse can sometimes lead to confusion or a lack of clarity.

In conclusion, 'nevertheless' and 'however' are both effective ways to introduce a contrasting idea in a sentence. The interchangeability of these words and the current trend of their usage at the beginning of sentences reflects a shift away from strict grammar rules towards more flexible writing styles. Understanding the nuances of these words can help writers effectively convey their intended message while maintaining the desired level of formality.