Understanding the Easterlings in Lord of the Rings

The term 'Easterlings' in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a broad and intriguing category that encompasses a wide variety of peoples and cultures beyond the western lands of Middle-earth. This term, akin to 'Europeans' and 'Asians', refers to a diverse group of men who lived in lands to the east, beyond the River Rhovanion.

The Origins and Ancient History of the Easterlings

The origins of the Easterlings can be traced back to the early days of Middle-earth. These people, much like other races, found themselves divided between those who aligned with Morgoth, the first Dark Lord, and those who did not. The ancestors of the Edain, the peoples who became allies of the Elves, chose the path of resistance, fleeing westward. Meanwhile, the Easterlings, who found Morgoth's vision congenial, remained behind, forming the diverse cultures that populated the eastern regions of Middle-earth.

Geography and Alliance with Sauron

During the Third Age, the term 'Easterlings' became synonymous with a specific group of men living in the eastern regions of Middle-earth, particularly in lands such as Rhun. These lands were conquered by Sauron and incorporated into his armies, making up the majority of his invasion forces. It is important to note that while the term 'Easterlings' primarily refers to those who served Sauron, it does not uniformly apply to all peoples east of Rhovanion. Tolkien himself suggested that some Easterlings were influenced by the Blue Wizards who went east to counter Sauron's power, potentially weakening the number of those who aligned with him.

First Age and the Origins of Easterlings

During the First Age, the term 'Easterling' had a different connotation, referring to any "swarthy men" who migrated from beyond the Misty Mountains into Beleriand. These Easterlings were often associated with Morgoth and his efforts to subdue the region. Not all were aligned with the Dark Lord; some, such as the Men of the East who were loyal or secretly loyal to the Elves, played a significant role in the early conflicts of Middle-earth.

Historical Context and Invasions

The regions east of Rhovanion saw several invasions by Easterling tribes. These invasions were reminiscent of historical steppe peoples, including the Wayn-riders and the Balchoth. While these invasions tested the strength of Gondor and other realms, little is known about the cultures and societies of the Easterlings themselves. The only detailed accounts come from the battles and raids that took place, providing a glimpse into the military prowess of these eastern peoples.

Key Figures and Societies in Lord of the Rings

The Easterlings in The Lord of the Rings are primarily those who joined Sauron's forces, such as the Riders of Rohan, the Rh?nian armies, and various hill tribes. However, it is worth noting that not all Easterlings allied with Sauron. Some remained independent, while others sought to unify under an anti-Sauron alliance, as suggested by the actions of the Blue Wizards. The exact nature of their belief systems and social structures remains largely conjecture, as Tolkien himself left much of their history undefined.

Conclusion

The Easterlings in Lord of the Rings are a complex and enigmatic group, embodying both the unity and diversity of eastern Middle-earth. Their origins, history, and political alliances provide a rich tapestry that enriches the world of Middle-earth. Understanding their role in the conflicts of the Third Age adds depth to the intricate narrative of The Lord of the Rings.