Understanding Long Sentences and Run-On Sentences in English Writing

Writing effectively in English involves mastering several key elements, including sentence structure and punctuation. A common confusion that arises is the difference between a long sentence and a run-on sentence. A long sentence, when properly constructed, can convey complex ideas efficiently. In contrast, a run-on sentence lacks proper punctuation and structure, making it difficult to read and understand.

Characteristics of a Long Sentence That Is Not a Run-On

A long sentence that is not a run-on typically contains multiple clauses. However, these clauses are properly punctuated, thereby helping to clearly separate ideas. Consider the following example:

In this sentence the use of commas and conjunctions helps to clearly separate the ideas without creating a run-on.

Commas and conjunctions, such as and, but, or, while, although, and however, play a crucial role in connecting clauses in a long sentence. They ensure that each part of the sentence is distinct and easy to understand.

Examples from Literature

One classic example of a long non-run-on sentence can be found in the beginning of by Charles Dickens:

Among other public buildings in a certain town which for many reasons it will be prudent to refrain from mentioning and to which I will assign no fictitious name there is one anciently common to most towns great or small to wit a workhouse and in this workhouse was born on a day and date which I need not trouble myself to repeat inasmuch as it can be of no possible consequence to the reader in this stage of the business at all events the item of mortality whose name is prefixed to the head of this chapter.

While Dickens’ sentence is indeed long, it is structurally sound, with appropriate punctuation and clauses that help maintain readability and clarity.

A Historical Example: The Gettysburg Address

In contrast, consider the influence of proper sentence structure in a short and precise sentence. The concluding lines of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address effectively convey a powerful message:

...

It is rather for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that those dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation under God shall have a new burst of freedom and that government of the people by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.

Here, precision and clarity are achieved through well-placed punctuation and concise phrasing.

Characteristics of a Run-On Sentence

A run-on sentence, on the other hand, combines two or more independent clauses without proper punctuation or conjunctions. This leads to a sentence that is overly long and convoluted, making it challenging for the reader to follow the intended meaning. A classic example of a minimal run-on sentence would be:

I like carrots I love running.

While this sentence conveys two distinct thoughts, it lacks the necessary punctuation or conjunction. By adding a comma and an and or a semicolon, the sentence becomes clearer:

I like carrots, and I love running.

This embrace of proper punctuation not only improves the readability but also highlights the importance of cohesive sentence structure.

Conclusion

Writing effectively in English requires a deep understanding of sentence structure and the importance of punctuation. While long sentences can be powerful and expressive, they must be carefully constructed to ensure they are not run-on sentences. Proper use of punctuation, conjunctions, and structure allows for clear communication and enhances the overall quality of writing. Whether it be the complex thoughts of Charles Dickens or the powerful words of Abraham Lincoln, the effective use of long sentences can make a significant impact on the reader.