Examining the Influence of Bram Stoker’s Dracula on J. R. R. Tolkien’s Works

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, widely recognized as one of the greatest fantasy writers of the 20th century, drew inspiration from a myriad of sources for his epic works. Among the many influences, one question often arises: did Bram Stoker’s Dracula directly inspire Tolkien’s The Hobbit or The Lord of the Rings? This article delves into the evidence and potential influences, offering a comprehensive analysis.

Thematic Overlap and Literary Techniques

While there is no direct textual evidence to suggest that Tolkien was directly inspired by Dracula, parallels and thematic elements can be drawn between the two authors. Both Tolkien and Stoker drew on mythological and folkloric traditions, utilized dark themes, and crafted atmospheric settings, which contribute to a broader trend in Gothic and fantasy literature.

Myth and Legend

Both Tolkien and Stoker incorporated mythological and folkloric elements into their works. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings was heavily influenced by Anglo-Saxon and Norse mythologies, while Stoker’s Dracula drew from vampiric lore and folklore. Both authors created rich secondary worlds, with Tolkien focusing on languages and mythologies, and Stoker embedding elements of the supernatural within his narrative.

Dark Themes and Corruption

Both texts explore dark themes, such as fear, the unknown, and the clash between modernity and ancient evil. In Dracula, the antagonist represents a threat to modern society and the characters grapple with the moral ambiguities of their interactions with the supernatural. Similarly, in Tolkien’s works, the Dark Forces, such as Sauron and the One Ring, present a corrupting influence that challenges the heroes.

Character Archetypes and Atmospheric Settings

Archetypal characters, such as the hero, villain, and wise mentor, are prevalent in both authors’ works. Tolkien’s characters, like Frodo and Aragorn, embody traditional heroism and moral struggle, while Stoker’s characters, like Dracula, explore more complex moral dilemmas. Both authors created vivid, atmospheric settings that enhanced the overall mood of their narratives. Tolkien’s Mordor and Mirkwood reflect Stoker’s Gothic settings and the atmosphere of dread.

Direct Influence and Available Evidence

Gwenyth Hood’s 1987 paper on Sauron and Dracula suggests a thematic overlap but lacks concrete evidence that Tolkien read Stoker’s book. Despite the cultural significance of Dracula, there is no definitive proof that Tolkien ever read Dracula. Evidence from various sources, including Google Ngram Viewer, library records, and personal accounts, indicates that Dracula was not a direct influence.

Google Ngram Viewer and Historical Context

Google Ngram Viewer data shows that mentions of Dracula in published works were relatively few during Tolkien’s formative years. The book’s popularity only took off in the 1920s, long after Tolkien had solidified his ideas for The Lord of the Rings. Additionally, Tolkien’s own library records confirm that he did not own a copy of Dracula, including an annotated checklist by Oronzo Cilli.

Personal Opinions and Cultural Context

Tolkien, known for his preference for fantasy and folktales over horror, would likely have been wary of mixing milieus, as evidenced by his criticism of his friend C.S. Lewis for doing so in The Chronicles of Narnia. Tolkien’s academic background in philology and literature did not include a focus on Victorian literature, and the book was not mentioned in Stoker’s obituary upon his death in 1912.

No References in Tolkien’s Works

Even if Tolkien had read Dracula, it is unlikely that it would have been referenced in his published works. Tolkien’s Tree and Leaf contains references to various influences, but no mention of Dracula. The absence of direct references suggests that the two authors likely approached these themes from different perspectives.

Conclusion

While Tolkien and Stoker share thematic and narrative elements, the absence of direct textual evidence and the historical context suggest that any potential influences were indirect. Tolkien’s works drew more directly from Anglo-Saxon and Norse mythologies and a broader spectrum of literary and academic influences. The comparison of Dracula to other works, such as Frankenstein, offers a more compelling and well-documented influence on Tolkien’s works.