Does Matthew 5:38-42 Cancel the Old Testaments Eye for Eye Rule?

Introduction

The passage from Matthew 5:38-42 often raises questions about the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, particularly regarding the 'eye for an eye' principle found in the Mosaic Law. This article aims to clarify the relationship between these two Testaments by examining the context and historical background of these biblical texts.

The Context of the New Testament

Matthew 5:38-42 appears in Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, where he outlines a new ethical framework that emphasizes non-violence, mercy, and love. Many scholars interpret this passage as introducing a radically different approach to justice and retribution, one that transcends the punitive measures described in the Old Testament.

However, it is important to understand that Jesus is not abolishing the 'eye for eye' rule; rather, he is altering the context in which this principle is applied. The Old Testament rule (Exodus 21:24) was intended for judicial interpretations and not for individual retaliation. Jesus here is addressing the abuse of this principle for personal vengeance.

The Historical Context

Understanding the historical and theological context is crucial. The Old Testament was directive for the Israelites, establishing a covenant (or testament) between God and His chosen people. This covenant included laws, ethical guidelines, and promises, all tailored to the Israelite nation.

From Adam to Abraham, and throughout the generations before Moses, God’s dealings with humanity were primarily through specific promises and covenants with particular people or nations. When God gave the Law to Moses, it was to the nation of Israel, with the Ten Commandments serving as a moral foundation and the rest of the Pentateuch providing detailed instructions and regulations.

Jesus, in fulfilling the role of the Messiah, introduced a new covenant. This is evident in the New Testament, especially in the writing of the apostle Paul. In Hebrews 8, the New Covenant is explicitly compared to the Old, and in Colossians 2:14, the New Testament is said to have canceled the written code with its regulations, which stood against us.

Individual and Judicial Context

In the book of Exodus, the 'eye for an eye' rule was given to the governing authorities for judicial matters, not for individuals to exact personal revenge. Jesus, in Matthew 5:38-42, is warning against the misuse of this law for personal vengeance, which would contradict the spirit of love and forgiveness that he teaches.

Jesus states in Matthew 5:17-18, 'Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them.' This indicates that Jesus does not invalidate the Old Testament, but rather redefines its application and meaning.

Summary and Conclusion

In conclusion, the New Testament does not cancel the Old Testament ‘eye for eye’ rule, but it redefines its application for ethical and moral conduct. While the Old Testament provided laws for judicial decisions, the New Testament emphasizes a lifestyle of love, mercy, and forgiveness for daily interactions. This transformation does not negate the old laws but guides individuals towards a higher ethical standard as epitomized by Christ's teachings.

Moreover, understanding the difference between the Old and New Covenants is vital. The New Covenant, introduced by Jesus, brings a new era of grace and forgiveness, abolishing the need for the ritualistic and ceremonial aspects of the Old Testament laws.