Citing the Epic of Gilgamesh: A Comprehensive Guide for Scholars and Students

The ancient Babylonian epic, The Epic of Gilgamesh, is one of the most significant literary works in human history. When referencing this text in academic writing, proper citation is crucial. This guide will help you cite the epic accurately in different contexts and styles.

Scholarly Context: Line-by-Line Citing

If you are writing for a scholarly paper, it is essential to use a translation that is strictly accurate and provides information on the condition of the source material. Clay tablet cards of the cuneiform script on which the text is written often show where the tablet is cracked or broken off, and some translations may guess at what was written on the missing parts. These translations are numbered by line, allowing for precise citation of specific verses.

Example

To cite a particular verse, you can use:

For example:

[Sollberger, 1964], line 9, The Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, part I

Literary Context: Akkadian Language Flavor

If you are writing about the epic as literature, it might be more appropriate to use a verse translation that aims to capture the feel of the original Akkadian text. These translations are not strictly numbered line-by-line but aim to maintain the poetic aspect of the original work. However, you should still strive to use a reputable and accurate translation to ensure the integrity of your scholarly work.

Example

To cite a verse from this type of translation:

For example:

Susanne Wохраннников, 2006, The Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh: The Standard Babylonian Version, lines 12-24

Historical and Cultural Context: Prose Translations

If your paper focuses on the historical and cultural significance of the epic, you might use a prose translation that concentrates on the material and makes no attempt to capture the poetic style. These translations are generally more accessible and easier to read, making them suitable for discussions about the epic's meaning and its impact on ancient Middle Eastern societies. However, ensure that the translation is from a reputable source that maintains the integrity of the original work.

Example

To cite a passage from a prose translation:

For example:

Alexander Heidel, 1942, The Babylonian Genesis: The Story of Creation, p. 45

Key Citation Styles

When citing the Epic of Gilgamesh, you must use the appropriate citation style for your academic institution or publication. Here are some popular styles in the United States:

Each style has its own requirements and formats for in-text citations and bibliography entries. Always consult your institution's guidelines or the specific manual for the most accurate information.

Example of APA Citation

In text citation: (Author, Year, p. #)

Reference list: Sollberger, E. (1964). The Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Part I. London: Routledge.

Conclusion

Proper citation of The Epic of Gilgamesh is crucial in the academic world. Whether you are dealing with the technical aspects of the text or the literary and cultural significance, selecting the right type of translation and citation style is essential. By following these guidelines, you can ensure the accuracy and credibility of your scholarly work.

Keywords: Epic of Gilgamesh, citation styles, scholarly paper