Achilles, the Iconic Hero and Fatal Flaw: Understanding His Portrayal in The Iliad

The character of Achilles in The Iliad is a complex figure, often depicted as a flawed hero. This raises the question: why is this mighty warrior portrayed as having such a fatal flaw despite his noble and heroic deeds? This article delves into the reasons behind Achilles's portrayal and his significance within the context of Greek literature and history.

Background and Context of The Iliad

The Iliad is an epic poem attributed to Homer, describing the final month of the Trojan War. The work focuses largely on the wrath of Achilles, a central character whose actions and emotions drive much of the plot. It is a predecessor to many Greek tragedies and embodies the ideals of ancient Greek society.

Why Achilles is Portrayed as Flawed

The portrayal of Achilles as a flawed hero is multifaceted:

1. Plot-driven Necessity

One of the primary reasons for Achilles's portrayal as a flawed hero is the need for an antagonist to drive the plot. As the poem begins with Achilles's anger, his destructive nature sets off a chain of events that contribute to the overall conflict. This provides a dynamic and engaging narrative that captures the audience's attention.

For example, consider the following lines from The Iliad (Book 1, lines 1-2):

“Sing, goddess, of the angry wrought
Achilles, he who ruined many a town."

Achilles's wrath is profound and destructive, bringing countless woes upon the Achaeans and leading to the deaths of many heroes. This anger stems from a mix of personal and political motives, making him a complex and deeply flawed character.

2. Contemporary Public Perception

While the poets themselves do not necessarily depict Achilles as worse than other heroes, the public, especially the contemporary public, often judges him based on certain modern values. Achieving 'modernity' in terms of emotional control and social responsibility is a significant aspect of this critique.

Achilles's lack of modernity, shown through his unchecked emotions and personal vendettas, makes him a relatable figure for the audience. His flaws humanize him, making him more accessible and understandable in a way that resonates with the diverse readership over the centuries.

Symbolism and Cultural Significance

Achilles's character also holds significant symbolic value within the broader context of Greek literature and society:

3. Counterexample of Heroic Passion

Achilles serves as a counterexample of the great warrior whose passion can be both his greatest ally and his most destructive flaw. This contrasts with the values of the time, which were shifting towards collective responsibility and obeying the law, rather than individual prowess.

4. Transition from Heroic Age to Militaristic State

With the emergence of city-states and the shift from individual heroes to citizen-soldiers, The Iliad reflects a pivotal moment in Greek history. This transition is evident in the change from the Bronze Age-era of heroic duels to the formation of organized armies, such as the phalanx formation.

For example, in the Battle of Platea, where a lone soldier charged out of the line to seek revenge and glory, the Greeks did not recognize such individual prowess. Instead, obedience to the laws and holding one's line in battle was valued more highly. This reflects the evolving values of Greek society and the changing nature of warfare.

Conclusion

Achilles's portrayal in The Iliad is a testament to the complex nature of heroism in ancient Greek literature. While he is a beloved and iconic hero, his flaws make him more relatable and human. The juxtaposition of Achilles's noble deeds with his personal shortcomings and destructive nature provides a rich and nuanced view of what it means to be a hero in the context of ancient Greek society.

Related Keywords

Achilles The Iliad Greek Heroes